Más allá del transnacionalismo: Una perspectiva alternativa de la conexión de los inmigrantes con su país de origen

Abstract

La literatura sobre transnacionalismo ha demostrado que las migraciones internacionales inevitablemente generan conexiones transfronterizas. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva oculta las formas en las que los lazos que unen a los Estados emisores y receptores también se tensan con los procesos mediante los cuales los Estados-nación se mantienen apartados del mundo.Este trabajo busca identificar los mecanismos que generan y así mismo atenúan los vínculos interestatales de una serie de actividades, resumiendo los resultados de las investigaciones sobre las relaciones sociales transfronterizas, la política hacia los emigrantes, las respuestas de los Estados de emigración, y la participación del país de origen en la segunda generación.Beyond Transnationalism: An Alternative Perspective on Immigrants’ Link with their Country of OriginAbstractThe literature on transnationalism has shown that international migrations inevitably generate cross-border connections. However, that perspective also obscures the ways in which the ties linking sending and receiving states also come into tension with the processes by which nation-states keep themselves apart from the world.This essay seeks to identify the mechanisms that both generate and attenuate cross-state ties across a range of activities, synthesizing the results of research on cross-border social ties, emigrant politics, emigration state responses, and home country engagement among the second generation. 

Cover image

Keywords

• migración internacional
• transnacionalismo
• emigración
• política hacia los emigrantes
• segunda generación

How to Cite

References

1. ALBA, Richard y Victor NEE, 2003, Remaking the American
2. Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration, Cam-
3. bridge, Harvard University Press.
4. BASCH, Linda; Nina GLICK-SCHILLER Y Cristina SZAN-
5. TON BLANC, 1994, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects,
6. Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation States,
7. Nueva York, Gordon and Breach.
8. BAUBÖCK, Rainer, 2005, “Expansive Citizenship: Voting be-
9. yond Territory and Membership”, PS: Political Science & Poli-
10. tics, vol. 38, núm. 4, pp. 683-687.
11. FRAGA, Luis R. et al. [encuesta en archivo digital], 2006, “Lati-
12. no National Survey (lns) 2006”, Ann Arbor/Miami, Geoscape
13. International/Inter-University Consortium for Political and So-
14. cial Research (icpsr20862-v1).
15. GABACCIA, Donna, 2000, Italy’s Many Diasporas, Londres, ucl
16. Press.
17. GAMLEN, Alan, 2008, “The Emigration State and the Modern
18. Geopolitical Imagination”, Political Geography, vol. 27, núm.
19. , pp. 840-856.
20. GONZÁLEZ GUTIÉRREZ, Carlos, 1993, “The Mexican Di-
21. aspora in California: Limits and Possibilities for the Mexican
22. Government”, en Abraham Lowenthal y Katrina Burgess, edits.,
23. The California-México Connection, Stanford, Stanford Univer-
24. sity Press, pp. 221-238.
25. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND
26. ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE (IDEA), 2007, Voting from
27. Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook, Estocolmo, Interna-
28. tional idea/ife.
29. ITZIGSOHN, José y Daniela N. VILLACRÉS, 2008, “Migrant
30. Political Transnationalism and the Practice of Democracy: Do-
31. minican External Voting Rights and Salvadoran Home Town
32. Associations”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 31, núm. 4, pp.
33. -686.
34. KASINITZ, Philip; John H. MOLLENKOPF y Mary C. WA-
35. TERS, 2004, edits., Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the
36. New Second Generation, Nueva York, Russell Sage Foundation.
37. KASINITZ, Philip et al., 2008, Inheriting the City: The Children
38. of Immigrants Come of Age, Nueva York, Russell Sage Founda-
39. tion/Harvard University Press.
40. LEAL, David, 2002, “Political Participation by Latino Non-Cit-
41. izens in the United States”, British Journal of Political Science,
42. vol. 32, núm. 2, pp. 353-370.
43. LEVITT, Peggy y Mary C. WATERS, 2002, edits., The Chang-
44. ing Face of Home: The Transnational Lives of the Second Genera-
45. tion, Nueva York, Russell Sage Foundation.
46. LÓPEZ-GUERRA, Claudio, 2005, “Should Expatriates Vote?”,
47. Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 13, núm. 2, pp. 216-234.
48. MARCELLI, Enrico y Wayne A. CORNELIUS, 2005, “Im-
49. migrant Voting in Home Country Elections: Potential Con-
50. sequences of Extending the Franchise to Expatriate Mexicans
51. Residing in the United States”, Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexi-
52. canos, vol. 21, núm. 2, pp. 429-460.
53. MASSEY, Douglas et al., 1987, Return to Aztlán, Berkeley, Uni-
54. versity of California Press.
55. NAVARRO, Carlos, 2007, “El voto en el extranjero”, en Dieter
56. Nohlen et al., edits., Tratado de derecho electoral comparado de
57. América Latina, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp.
58. -252.
59. NAVARRO FIERRO, Carlos y Manuel CARRILLO, 2007,
60. “México: Safeguarding the Integrity of the Electoral Process”,
61. en Voting from Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook, Esto-
62. colmo, International idea/ife, pp. 189-192.
63. NOHLEN, Dieter y Florian GROTZ, 2000, “External Voting:
64. Legal Framework and Overview of Electoral Legislation”, Bo-
65. letín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado, nueva serie, año xxxiii,
66. núm. 99, septiembre-diciembre, pp. 1115-1145.
67. NOHLEN, Dieter y Florian GROTZ, 2007, “The Legal Frame-
68. work and an Overview of Electoral Legislation”, en Voting from
69. Abroad: The International IDEA Handbook, Estocolmo, Interna-
70. tional idea/ife, pp. 65-76.
71. PANAGAKOS, Anastasia N. y Heather A. HORST, 2006, “Re-
72. turn to Cyberia: Technology and the Social Worlds of Transna-
73. tional Migrants”, Global Networks, vol. 6, núm. 2, pp. 109-124.
74. PIORE, Michael, 1979, Birds of Passage, Cambridge, Cambridge
75. University Press.
76. PROGRAMA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA EL DE-
77. SARROLLO (PNUD), 2005, Informe sobre el desarrollo hu-
78. mano 2005: Una mirada al nuevo nosotros. El impacto de las
79. migraciones, San Salvador, pnud.
80. RATHA, Dilip, 2005, “Workers Remittances: An Important and
81. Stable Source of External Development Finance”, en Samuel
82. Munzele Maimbo y Dilip Ratha, edits., Remittances: Devel-
83. opment Impact and Future Prospects, Washington, D. C., The
84. World Bank, pp. 19-52.
85. RUBIO MARÍN, Ruth, 2006, “Transnational Politics and the
86. Democratic State: Normative Challenges of Expatriate Voting
87. and Nationality Retention of Emigrants”, New York University
88. Law Review, vol. 81, núm. 1, pp. 117-147.
89. SMITH, Robert, 2006, Mexican New York. Transnational Lives of
90. New Immigrants, Berkeley, University of California Press.
91. SURO, Roberto y Gabriel ESCOBAR, 2006a, “Pew Hispanic
92. Center Survey of Mexicans Living in the U.S. on Absentee
93. Voting in Mexican Elections”, Washington, D. C., Pew His-
94. panic Center, 22 de febrero.
95. SURO, Roberto y Gabriel ESCOBAR, 2006b, “2006 Nation-
96. al Survey of Latinos: The Immigration Debate”, Washington,
97. D. C., Pew Hispanic Center, 13 de julio.
98. VALLE, Alejandro, 2005, “El voto difícil”, en Jorge Alcocer V.,
99. edit., El voto de los mexicanos en el exterior, México, Nuevo
100. Horizonte Editores, pp. 261-400.
101. WALDINGER, Roger, 2008, “Between ‘here’ and ‘there’: Im-
102. migrant Cross-Border Activities and Loyalties”, International
103. Migration Review, vol. 42, núm. 1.
104. WALDINGER, Roger, 2012, “Beyond Transnationalism: An Al-
105. ternative Perspective on Immigrants’ Homeland Connections”,
106. en Mark Rosenblum y Daniel Tichenor, edits., Oxford Hand-
107. book of International Relations, Nueva York, Oxford University
108. Press.
109. WALZER, Michael, 1983, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Plural-
110. ism and Equality, Nueva York, Basic.
111. ZOLBERG, Aristide, 2000, “Matters of State: Theorizing Im-
112. migration Policy”, en Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz y
113. Josh DeWind, edits., The Handbook of International Migration,
114. Nueva York, Russell Sage Foundation.