Is More Necessarily Better? Leadership and Organizational Development of Migrant Hometown Associations in Los Angeles, California
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17428/rmi.v6i21.752Palabras clave:
hometown associations, capacity-building, Latin American migration, collaborative research, Los AngelesResumen
Hometown associations (htas) in the United States are migrant, voluntary groups with a shared sense of belonging to a region in a diff erent country of origin. Their philanthropic activities across borders have increasingly attracted the attention of government agencies and social and political actors. Th ese actors have endeavored to form more htas and place greater demands on them to expand their civic engagement.
This strategy, however, will not necessarily lead to that purpose, but instead will likely exacerbate a critical gap in the htas’ organizational capacity. This paper argues that a diff erent strategy is best suited to strengthen the organizational ability of htas, and proposes a framework to achieve this goal based on a capacity building pilot program for Latino htas from the Los Angeles region.
¿Realmente más es mejor? Liderazgo y desarrollo organizativo
entre asociaciones de migrantes en Los Ángeles, California
Resumen
Las asociaciones de paisanos en Estados Unidos son grupos de migrantes voluntarios basados en un sentimiento compartido de pertenencia a una región en un país de origen distinto. Sus actividades han llamado cada vez más la atención de instancias gubernamentales y de actores sociales y políticos. Estos actores han favorecido la formación de más de estos grupos, junto con una creciente demanda sobre ellos para que expandan sus compromisos cívicos.
Sin embargo, esta estrategia no conduce necesariamente a ello, e incluso podría disminuir la capacidad organizativa de las asociaciones. A partir de un programa piloto basado en la formación de capacidades con asociaciones de migrantes latinos en Los Ángeles, aquí argumentamos que se requiere una estrategia distinta para que las htas amplíen su capacidad organizativa.
Referencias
Alarcón, Rafael, 2002, “The Development of the Hometown
Associations in the United States and the Use of Social Remittances
in Mexico”, in Rodolfo O. de la Garza and Briant Lindsay Lowell, eds., Sending Money Home: Hispanic Remittances and Community Development, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Babbie, E., 2001, The Practice of Social Research, 9th ed., New
York, Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Becker, Gary, 1964, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical
Analysis, with Special References to Education, Chicago, Illinois,
University of Chicago Press.
Bonacich, Edna, 1987, “Making It in America: A Social Evaluation
of Immigrant Entrepreneurship”, Sociological Perspectives,
vol. 30, num. 4, October, pp. 446-466.
Cohen, D. and I. Prusak, 2001, In Good Company, How Social
Capital Makes Organizations Work, Boston, Massachusetts,
Harvard Business School Press.
Coleman, James, 1988, “Social Capital in the Creation of Human
Capital”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 94, January,
S95-S120.
Daniels, Roger, 1988, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the
United States since 1850, Seattle, Washington, University of
Washington Press.
Dasgupta, Partha and Ismail Serageldin, eds., 2000, Social Capital:
A Multifaceted Perspective, Washington, DC, The World
Bank.
De Vita, Carol and Cory Fleming, 2001, Building Capacity in Non-
Profit Organizations, Washington, DC, The Urban Institute.
Eekhoff, Katherine E. [masters thesis], 1994, “Asociaciones salvadoreñas en Los Ángeles y las posibilidades de desarrollo en
El Salvador”, Los Angeles, California, Department of Urban
Planning-University of California.
Escala Rabadán, Luis, Xóchitl Bada and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado,
, “Mexican Migrant Civic and Political Participation
in the U.S.: The Case of Hometown Associations in Los Angeles
and Chicago”, Norteamérica, Revista Académica, year 1,
num. 2, July-December, pp. 127-172.
Fetterman, David M., 2001, Foundations of Empowerment Evaluation,
Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications.
Fitzgerald, David, 2000, Negotiating Extra-Territorial Citizenship:
Mexican Migration and the Transnational Politics of Community,
La Jolla, California, Center for Comparative Immigration
Studies-University of California, San Diego.
Fox, Jonathan, 1996, “How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political
Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico”, World
Development, vol. 24, num. 6, pp. 1089-1103.
Fox, Jonathan and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado, 2004, “Building Civil
Society among Indigenous Migrants”, in Jonathan Fox and
Gaspar Rivera-Salgado, eds., Indigenous Mexican Migrants in
the United States, La Jolla, California, Center for Comparative
Immigration Studies and Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies-
University of California, San Diego.
Fukuyama, Francis [conference], 1999, “Social Capital and Civil
Society”, Wash ington, DC, International Monetary Fund
Conference on Second Generation Reforms, October 1.
Goldring, Luin, 1992, “La migración Mexico-EUA y la transnacionalizacion del espacio político y social: Perspectivas desde
el México rural”, Estudios Sociológicos, vol. x, num. 29. May-
August, pp. 315-340.
González Gutiérrez, Carlos, 1993, “The Mexican Diaspora in
California: Limits and Possibilities for the Mexican Government”,
in Abraham F. Lowenthal and Katrina Burgess, eds.,
The California-Mexico Connection, Stanford, California, Stanford
University Press.
González Gutiérrez, Carlos, 2006, “Introducción”, in Carlos
Gon zález Gutiérrez, ed., Relaciones Estado-diáspora. Aproximaciones
desde cuatro continentes, Mexico, Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Guarnizo, Luis [Ph. D. dissertation], 1992, “One Country in
Two: Dominican-owned Firms in New York and in the Dominican
Republic”, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Sociology-
The Johns Hopkins University.
Levitt, Peggy, 1997, “Transnationalizing Community Development:
The Case of Migration between Boston and the Dominican
Republic”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,
vol. 26, num. 4, December, pp. 509-526.
Levitt, Peggy, 2001, The Transnational Villagers, Berkeley, California,
University of California Press.
Light, Ivan, 1972, Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and
Welfare among Chinese, Japanese and Blacks, New York, Basic
Books.
Light, Ivan, 2006, Deflecting Immigration: Networks, Markets, and
Regulation in Los Angeles, New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
Martinelli, Alberto, 1994, “Entrepreneurship and Management”,
in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds., Handbook of
Economic Sociology, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University
Press.
Massey, Douglas et. al., 1987, Return to Aztlán. The Social Process
of International Migration from Western Mexico, Berkeley, California,
University of California Press.
Min, Pyong Gap, 1998, Changes and Conflicts. Korean Immigrant
Families in New York, Boston, Massachusetts, Allyn and Bacon
(The New Immigrants Series).
Mines, Richard, 1981, Developing a Community Tradition of Migration:
A Field Study in Rural Zacatecas, Mexico and California
Settlement Areas, La Jolla, California, Center for U.S.-Mexican
Studies-University of California, San Diego.
Orozco, Manuel, 2002, “Latino Hometown Associations as
Agents of Development in Latin America”, in Rodolfo O. de la
Garza and Briant Lindsay Lowell, eds., Sending Money Home.
Hispanic Remittances and Community Development, Lanham,
Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Orozco, Manuel and Katherine Welle, 2005, “Hometown Associations
and Development: Ownership, Correspondence,
Sustainability, and Replicability”, in Barbara J. Merz, ed., New
Patterns for Mexico: Observations on Remittances, Philanthropic
Giving, and Equitable Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
Harvard University Press.
Portes, Alejandro and Rubén Rumbaut, 1991, Immigrant America:
A Portrait, Berkeley, California, University of California Press.
Portes, Alejandro, 1995, “Economic Sociology and the Sociology
of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview”, in Alejandro
Portes, ed., The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on
Net works, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship, New York, Russell
Sage Foundation.
Putnam, Robert D., 2000, Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival
of American Community, New York, Simon and Schuster.
Quiñones, Sam and Alan Mittelstaedt, 2000, “A League of Their
Own: How a Team of Oaxacan Busboys Is Redefining L. A.
Basketball”, L. A. Weekly, February 2, pp. 10-20. Available
at <http://www.laweekly.com/2000-02-10/news/a-league-oftheir-
own/> (last accessed on May 4, 2011).
Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar, 1999, “Binational Organizations of Mexican
Migrants in the United States”, Social Justice, vol. 26,
num. 3, September 22, pp. 27-38.
Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar and Luis Escala Rabadán, 2004, “Collective
Identity and Organizational Strategies of Indigenous
and Mestizo Mexican Migrants”, in Jonathan Fox and Gaspar
Rivera-Salgado, eds., Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the
United States, La Jolla, California, Center for U.S.-Mexican
Studies, and Center for Comparative Immigration Studies-
University of California, San Diego.
Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar and Luis Escala Rabadán, 2008, “Migration
Collective Remittances and Development”, in Ton van
Naerssen, Ernst Spaan and Annelies Zoomers, eds., Global Migration
and Development, New York, Routledge.
Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar, Rigoberto Rodríguez and Luis Escala-
Rabadán, 2004, in “Building Capacity: Insights from the Pilot
Program on Immigrant-Led Hometown Associations”. Available
at: <http://ucla.academia.edu/GasparRiveraSalgado/
Papers/151001/BUILDING-CAPACITY-Insights-from-the-
Pilot-Program-on-Immigrant-Led-Hometown-Associations>
(last accessed on May 7, 2010).
Rouse, Roger, 1988, “Mexican Migration and the Social Space of
Postmodernism”, La Jolla, California, Center for U.S.-Mexican
Studies-University of California, San Diego.
Runsten, David and Carol Zabin, 1994, “A Regional Perspective
on Mexican Migration to Rural California”, “Conference on
the Changing Face of Rural America”, Asilomar, Pacific Grove,
California, June 12-14, unpublished.
Smith, Michael P. and Luis Guarnizo, eds., 1998, Transnationalism
from Below, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction
Publishers (Comparative Urban and Community Research Series,
vol. 6).
Somerville, Will, Jamie Durana and Aaron Matteo Terrazas,
, “Hometown Associations: An Untapped Resource for
Immigrant Integration?”, Insight, July, pp. 1-24.
Soyer, Daniel, 1997, Jewish Immigrant Associations and American
Identity in New York, 1880-1939, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
Harvard University Press.
Stephen, Lynn, 2007, Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in
Mexico, California and Oregon, Durham, NC/London, Duke
University Press.
Stepick, Alex, 1998, Pride against Prejudice. Haitians in the United
States, Boston, Massachusetts, Allyn and Bacon (The New Immigrants
Series).
Thompson, Ginger, 2005, “Mexico’s Migrants Profit from Dollars
Sent Home”, The New York Times, New York, February 23,
International Section, p. A1.
Tsuda, Takeyuki, Zulema Valdez and Wayne A. Cornelius, 2003,
“Human versus Social Capital, Immigrant Wages and Labor
Market Incorporation in Japan and the United States”, in Jeffrey
G. Reitz, ed., Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants,
La Jolla, California, Center for Comparative Immigration
Studies-University of California, San Diego.
United Nations Development Programme, 2005, “The Potential
Role of Remittances in Achieving the Millennium Development
Goals — An Exploration”, Roundtable on Remittances and
the MDGs, New York, undp, October 10.
Waldinger, Roger, 1986, Through the Eye of a Needle: Immigrants
and Enterprise in New York’s Garment Trades, New York, New
York University Press.
Waldinger, Roger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr, eds., 1996, Ethnic Los
Angeles, New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
Weiss, Carol H., 1998, Evaluation: Methods for Studying Programs
and Policies, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice
Hall.
Wholey, Joseph S., Harry P. Hatry and Kathryn E. Newcomer,
eds., 1994, Handbook of Practical Evaluation, San Francisco,
California, Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Whyte, W. F., D. J. Greenwood and P. Lazes, 1991, “Participatory
Action Research: Through Practice to Science in Social
Research”, in F. Whyte, ed., Participatory Action Research, New
York, Sage, pp. 19-55.
Wong, Bernard, 1998, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship: The New
Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, Massachusetts, Allyn and Bacon (The New Immigrants Series).
Yrizar, Guillermo [conference], 2009, “Agencias públicas para
emi grantes internacionales en el centro occidente de México”,
in “First Alumni Meeting”, Tijuana, Mexico, El Colegio de la
Frontera Norte, September 9.
Yrizar, Guillermo and Rafael Alarcón, 2010, “Emigration Policy
and State Governments in Mexico”, Migraciones Internacionales
, vol. 5, num. 4, July-December.
Zabin Carol and Luis Escala-Rabadán [working paper], 1998,
“Mexican Hometown Associations and Mexican Immigrant
Political Empowerment in Los Angeles”, Washington, DC,
The Aspen Institute, Winter.
Zabin, Carol et al., 1993, Mixtec Migrants in California Agriculture:
A New Cycle of Poverty, Davis, California, California Institute
for Rural Studies.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Las/los autoras/es que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Las/los autoras/es conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista Migraciones Internacionales (RMI) el derecho de la primera publicación, mediante el registro de los textos con la licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-No comercial-Sin derivar 4.0 internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
- Autorizan que su artículo y todos los materiales incluidos en él sean reproducidos, publicados, traducidos, comunicados y transmitidos públicamente en cualquier forma o medio; así como efectuar su distribución al público en el número de ejemplares que se requieran y su comunicación pública, en cada una de sus modalidades, incluida su puesta a disposición del público a través de medios electrónicos o de cualquier otra tecnología, para fines exclusivamente científicos, culturales, de difusión y sin fines comerciales.
- Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (por ejemplo: incluirlo en un repositorio institucional, página web personal; o bien publicarlo en un libro) siempre que sea sin fines comerciales e indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en Migraciones Internacionales (RMI), [agregando la ficha bibliográfica correspondiente: Autor/es. (año). Título del artículo. Migraciones Internacionales, volumen (número), pp. doi: xxxx ].
Para ello, las/los autoras/es deben remitir el formato de carta-cesión de la propiedad de los derechos de la primera publicación debidamente llenado y firmado. Este documento debe cargarse en formato PDF en archivos complementarios dentro de la plataforma OJS.
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-No comercial-Sin derivar 4.0 internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)..

Idioma









