From Portugal to Europe. A micro-level Sociology of scientific migration in times of Eurozone crisis

Autores/as

  • Rafaela NEIVA GANGA Institute of Cultural Capital Liverpool John Moores University University of Liverpool http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-0013
  • José Pedro SILVA Institute of Sociology, University of Porto
  • Henrique VAZ Researcher at Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Educativas, University of Porto
  • Rui GOMES Researcher at Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra
  • João TEIXEIRA LOPES Researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Porto
  • Luísa CERDEIRA Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon
  • Sílvia SILVA Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra
  • Belmiro GIL CABRITO Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon
  • Dulce MAGALHÃES Institute of Sociology, University of Porto
  • Maria De Lourdes MACHADO-TAYLOR Centro de Investigação de Políticas do Ensino Superior University of Porto and Aveiro
  • Paulo PEIXOTO Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra
  • Rui BRITES Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia University of Lisbon
  • Tomás PATROCÍNIO Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17428/rmi.v9i35.449

Palabras clave:

retratos sociológicos, la emigración científica, fuga de cerebros, crisis de la zona euro, Portugal

Resumen

Academic international mobility and intra-European highly skilled migration are consolidated trends. Strongly stimulated by EU policies, the opportunities are highly dynamic, and circulation through different jobs and countries is a striking feature of the academic community. However, for fragile economy and scientific system such as Portugal’s these trends are synonymous with brain drain, particularly in times of Eurozone crisis. To study the role of the economic crisis in scientist’s decision-making process, in terms of their own migration, five individual portraits are analysed, taking into account that academic mobility is often associated with individual career perspectives and encouraged by European policies.

               

             

         

Biografía del autor/a

  • Rafaela NEIVA GANGA, Institute of Cultural Capital Liverpool John Moores University University of Liverpool

    ICC Research Associate since September 2016; formerly Foundation of Science and Technology research fellow (2007-2011 / 2012-2013 / 2015) at the Sociology Institute (University of Porto); and Associate Professor at the Porto Higher Institute of Social Work (2011-2015). Degree in Education (University of Porto, 2006) and Ph.D. in Sociology (University of Porto, 2013). Research interests include cultural policy, contemporary art, research methodology, urban regeneration, migration and ageing.

  • José Pedro SILVA, Institute of Sociology, University of Porto

    Ph.D. in Sociology, University of Lisbon

    Degree in Sociology, University of Porto

    Researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Porto

  • Henrique VAZ, Researcher at Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Educativas, University of Porto

    Ph.D. in Education, University of Porto

    Degree in Education, University of Porto

    Assistant Professor, University of Porto

  • Rui GOMES, Researcher at Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra

    Ph.D. in Education, University of Lisbon

    Master in Education, University of Lisbon

    Degree in Physical Education, University of Lisbon

    Full Professor, University of Coimbra

  • João TEIXEIRA LOPES, Researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Porto

    Ph.D. in Sociology, University of Porto

    Master in Social Sciences, University of Lisbon

    Degree in Sociology, University of Porto

    Full Professor, University of Porto

  • Luísa CERDEIRA, Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon

    Ph.D. in Education, University of Lisbon

    Master in Economics, University of Évora

    Degree in Economics, University of Porto

    Assistant Professor, University of Lisbon

  • Sílvia SILVA, Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra

    Ph.D. candidate in Sociology, University of Coimbra

    Master in Sociology, University of Coimbra

    Degree in Sociology, University of Coimbra

  • Belmiro GIL CABRITO, Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon

    Ph.D. in Education, University of Lisbon

    Master in Education, University of Lisbon

    Degree in Economics, Technical University of Lisbon

    Associated Professor, University of Lisbon

  • Dulce MAGALHÃES, Institute of Sociology, University of Porto

    Ph.D. in Sociology, University of Porto

    Master in Sociology, University of Lisbon

    Degree in Sociology, University of Lisbon

    Assistant Professor, University of Porto

  • Paulo PEIXOTO, Centro de Estudos Sociais, University of Coimbra

    Ph.D. in Sociology, University of Coimbra

    Master in Sociology, University of Coimbra

    Degree in Sociology, University of Coimbra

    Assistant Professor, University of Coimbra

  • Tomás PATROCÍNIO, Instituto de Educação, University of Lisbon

    Ph.D. in Education, University of Lisbon

    Master in Education, New University of Lisbon

    Degree in Economics, Technical University of Lisbon

    Associated Professor, University of Lisbon

Referencias

Ackers, L. (2005a). Moving People and Knowledge: Scientific Mobility in the European Union. International Migration, 43(5), 99-131. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2005.00343.x

Ackers, L. (2005b). Promoting Scientific Mobility and Balanced Growth in the European Research Area. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 18(3), 301-317. doi: 10.1080/13511 610500186680

Atkinson, W. (2013). Class Habitus and Perception of the Future: Re - cession, Employment Insecurity and Temporality. British Journal of Sociology, 64(4), 643-661. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12049

Baláz, V., & Williams, A. (2004). ‘Been There, Done That’: International Student Migration and Human Capital Transfers from the UK to Slovakia. Population, Space and Place, 10(3), 217-237. doi: 10.1002/psp.316

Beaverstock, J. (2010). Transnational Elites in the City: British Highlyskilled Inter-Company Transferees in New York City’s Financial District. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 245-268. doi: 10.1080/1369183042000339918

Beets, G., & Willekens, F. (2009). The Global Economic Crisis and International Migration: An Uncertain Outlook. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 7, 19-37. Retrieved from http:// www.jstor.org/stable/23025522

Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2008). Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers. The Economic Journal, 118(528), 631-652. doi: 10.1111/ j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x

Bourdieu, P. (1994). Raisons pratiques: sur la théorie de l’action. Paris: Seuil.

Bygnes, S. (2015). Are They Leaving Because of the Crisis? The Sociological Significance of Anomie as a Motivation for Migration. Sociology, 49(2), 1-16.

Cabrito, B., et al. (2014). The Brain Drain in Portugal: Some Explanatory Reasons. In A. García Aracil and I. Neira Gómez (Eds.). Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 9, (pp. 831-846). Valencia, Spain: Asociación Económica de la Educación, Instituto de Gestión de la Inovación y el Conocimiento, Universitat Politècnica de València.

Casey, T., Mahroum, S., Ducatel, K., & Barré, R. (2001). The Mobility of Academic Researchers: Academic Careers and Recruitment in ICT and Biotechnology: A Joint JRC/IPTS-ESTO Study. Brussels: European Communities.

Castles, S., Haas, H., & Miller, M. (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chaloff, J., Dumont, J., & Liebig, T. (2012). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Migration and Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in OECD Countries. Cesifo DICE Report, 10(1), 39-47.

Costa, A. F., & Lopes, J. (2010). Desigualdades de Percursos no Ensino Superior. In R. M. do Carmo (Ed.). Desigualdades Sociais 2010. Estudos e Indicadores (pp. 145-152). Lisbon, Portugal: Mundos Sociais.

Council of the European Union. (12 May, 2009). Council conclusions of 2009 on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET 2020). Official Journal of the European Union, IV(C119/3).

Dickson, D. (2003). Mitigating the Brain Drain is a Moral Necessity. SciDevNet. Retrieved from http://www.scidev.net/global/mi - gration/editorials/mitigating-the-brain-drain-is-a-moral-necessity.html

Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência. (2015). Inquérito ao Potencial Científico e Tecnológico Nacional - IPCTN13 - Principais resultados. Lisboa: Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência.

Docquier, F., & Marfouk, A. (2007). Brain Drain in Developing Countries. World Bank Economic, 21(2), 193-218. doi: 10.1093/ wber/lhm008

Durkheim, É. (2003). Le Suicide. São Paulo, Brazil: Martin Claret.

European Union, & Government of Portugal. (2011). Memorandum of Understanding on Specific Economic Policy Conditionality. Económico Sapo. Retrieved from https://www.portugal.gov.pt/ media/1397626/11R_MoU_EU_20140424.pdf

European University Association. (2004). What is the Bologna Process? Retrieved from http://www.eua.be/eua-work-and-policy-area/ building-the-european-higher-education-area/bologna-basics.aspx

Ganga, R., Lopes, J., & Gomes, R. (2014). Cérebros em Fugaretratos da emigração qualificada portuguesa. In E. Santos, J. A. Ferreira, R. Ganga, and J. Gomes Almeida (Eds.). Novas Subjetividades: Retratos de objetos emergentes (pp. 67-91). Viseu, Portugal: Psicossoma.

Gomes, R., et al. (3-5 February 2014). Mobility of High Skilled Professionals: The Brain Waste and The Brain Gain. Proceedings of INTCESS14-International Conference on Education and Social Sciences. Istanbul, Turkey. (pp. 173-181).

González Enríquez, C., & Martínez Romera, J. P. (2014). Country Focus: Migration of Spanish Nationals During the Crisis. Real Instituto Elcano. Retrieved from http://www.realinstitutoelcano. org/wps/wcm/connect/bb7ebe804469cb8daef9bee307648e49/ GonzalezEnriquez-MartinezRomera-Spain-migration-crisis. pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=bb7ebe804469cb8daef9bee307648e49

Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.

Guth, J., & Gill, B. (2008). Motivations in East-West Doctoral Mo - bility: Revisiting the Question of Brain Drain. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(5), 825-841. doi: 10.1080/136918 30802106119

Habermas, J. (1981). Theory of Communicative Action. Volume Two. Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Hamilton, K. (2003). Migration and Development: Blind Fact and Hand-to-Find Facts. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-and-develop ment-blind-faith-and-hard-find-facts

Haque, N. U., & Kim, S. (1995). Human Capital Flight: Impact of Migration on Income and Growth. IMF Staff papers, 42(3), 577-607.

Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2015). Destaque-informação à comunicação social. Retrieved from https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INEandxpgid=ine_destaquesandDESTAQUESdest_boui=224671301andDESTAQUESmodo=2

King, R. (2002). Towards a New Map of European Migration. International Journal of Population Geography, 8(2), 89-106. doi: 10. 1002/ijpg.246

Lahire, B. (2002). Portraits Sociologiques: Dispositions et variations individuelles. Paris: Nathan.

Lahire, B. (2003). From the Habitus to an Individual Heritage of Dis - positions. Towards a Sociology at the Level of the Individual. Poetics, Journal of Empirical Research on Culture, the Media and the Arts, 31(5), 329-355.

Lahire, B. (2011). The Plural Actor. Cambridge, England: Polity.

Lahire, B. (2013). O Singular Plural. Cadernos do Sociofilo, 3(4), 16-26.

Lahire, B. (2015). Cultural Dissonances: The Social in the Singular. In L. Hanquinet and M. Savage (Eds.). Handbook of the Sociology of Art and Culture (pp. 312-323). London: Routledge.

Lopes, J. (2014). Retratos Sociológicos: dispositivo metodológico para uma sociologia da pluralidade disposicional. In L. Lima Torres and J. A. Palhares (Eds.). Metodologia de Investigação em Ciências Sociais da Educação (pp. 99-112). Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal: Húmus.

Mahroum, S. (1998). Europe and the Challenge of the Brain Drain (The IPTS Report, No. 29). Seville, Spain: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies.

Malheiros, J. (2011). Portugal 2010: o regresso do país de emigração? Notas e reflexões. JANUS.NET e-journal of International Relations, 2(1), 133-142. Retrieved from http://observare.ual.pt/janus.net/ images/stories/PDF/vol2_n1/pt/pt_vol2_n1_not3.pdf

Martin-Rovet, D. (2003). Opportunities for Outstanding Young. Scientists in Europe to Create an Independent Research Team. Strasbourg, France: European Science Foundation.

Meyer, J. B. (2001). Network Approach versus Brain Drain: Lessons from the Diaspora. International Migration, 39(5), 91-110. doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00173

Miyagiwa, K. (1991). Scale Economies in Education and the Brain Drain Problem. International Economic Review, 32(3), 743-759.

Moro-Martin, A. (2014). A Call to Those Who Care about Europe’s Science. Nature, 514(7521). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.16086!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/514141a.pdf

Musselin, C. (2004). Towards a European Academic Labour Market? Some Lessons Drawn from Empirical Studies on Academic Mobility. Higher Education, 48(1), 55-78.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). International Migration Outlook 2016. Paris: OECD. Retrieved from http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Attualita/Notizie/ Documents/IMO2016_ENG.pdf

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2013). World Migration in Figures. Retrieved from http://www.oecd. org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf

Office for National Statistics. (2016). Migration Statistics Quarterly Report: Dec 2016. London: ONS.

Peixoto, J. (2001a). Migration and Policies in the European Union: Highly Skilled Mobility, Free Movement of Labour and Recognition of Diplomas. International Migration, 39(1), 33-61. doi: 10. 1111/1468-2435.00134

Peixoto, J. (2001b). The International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers in Transnational Corporations: The Macro and Micro Factors of the Organizational Migration of Cadres. International Migration Review, 35(4), 1030-1053. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379. 2001.tb00051.x

Peixoto, J. (2004). País de Emigração ou País de Imigração? Mudança e continuidade no regime migratório em Portugal (SOCIUS Working Papers, No. 2). Lisbon: ISEG-SOCIUS.

Peixoto, J. (2014). Portugal. In R. Gropas and A. Triandafyllidou (Eds.). European Immigration: A Sourcebook (pp. 287-301). Farnham, England: Ashgate.

Powell, J., & Finger, C. (2013). The Bologna Process’s Model of Mobility in Europe: The Relationship of Its Spatial and Social Dimensions. European Educational Research Journal, 12(2), 270-285.

Rosenbaum, J., Kariya, T., Settersten, R., & Maier, T. (1990). Market and Network Theories of the Transition from High-School to Work: Their Application to Industrial Societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 263-299.

Ryan, L., & Mulholland, J. (2013). Trading Places: French Highly Skilled Migrants Negotiating Mobility and Emplacement in London. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(4), 584-600. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.787514

Salt, J. (1997). International Movement of the Highly Skilled (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 3). Paris: OECD.

Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras. (2015). Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo. Lisbon, Portugal: SEF. Retrieved from http:// sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2015.pdf

Sretenova, N. (2003). Scientific Mobility and “Brain Drain”. Issues in the context of structural reforms of research and development and the higher education sector in Bulgaria. UK: University of Leeds, CSLPE Research Report 2.

Triandafyllidou, A., & Gropas, R., (2014). “Voting With Their Feet”: Highly Skilled Emigrants from Southern Europe. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(12), 1614-1633.

Videira, P. (2013). A Mobilidade Internacional dos Cientistas: construções teóricas e respostas políticas. In E. Araújo, M. Fontes, and S. Bento (Eds.). Para um Debate sobre Mobilidade e Fuga de Cérebros (pp. 138-162). Braga, Portugal: Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade.

Weenink, D. (2008). Cosmopolitanism as a Form of Capital: Parents Preparing Their Children to a Globalizing World. Sociology, 42(6), 1089-1106.

Descargas

Publicado

2018-08-30

Número

Vol. 9 Núm. 35 (2018): julio-diciembre, 2018

Sección

Artículos

Licencia

Derechos de autor 2018 Migraciones Internacionales

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Las/los autoras/es que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:

  1. Las/los autoras/es conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista Migraciones Internacionales  (RMI) el derecho de la primera publicación, mediante el registro de los textos con la licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-No comercial-Sin derivar 4.0 internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
  2. Autorizan que su artículo y todos los materiales incluidos en él sean reproducidos, publicados, traducidos, comunicados y transmitidos públicamente en cualquier forma o medio; así como efectuar su distribución al público en el número de ejemplares que se requieran y su comunicación pública, en cada una de sus modalidades, incluida su puesta a disposición del público a través de medios electrónicos o de cualquier otra tecnología, para fines exclusivamente científicos, culturales, de difusión y sin fines comerciales.
  3. Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (por ejemplo: incluirlo en un repositorio institucional, página web personal; o bien publicarlo en un libro) siempre que sea sin fines comerciales e indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en Migraciones Internacionales (RMI), [agregando la ficha bibliográfica correspondiente: Autor/es. (año). Título del artículo. Migraciones Internacionales, volumen (número), pp. doi: xxxx ].

Para ello, las/los autoras/es deben remitir el formato de carta-cesión de la propiedad de los derechos de la primera publicación debidamente llenado y firmado. Este documento debe cargarse en formato PDF en archivos complementarios dentro de la plataforma OJS.

Licencia de Creative Commons

Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-No comercial-Sin derivar 4.0 internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)..

Cómo citar

From Portugal to Europe. A micro-level Sociology of scientific migration in times of Eurozone crisis. (2018). Migraciones Internacionales, 9(35), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.17428/rmi.v9i35.449