Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Papers

Vol. 15 (2024): January-December, 2024

Activistas, traficantes e investigadores en la industria migratoria en México

DOI
https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i36.2929
Published
2024-11-30

Abstract

En este artículo se problematiza el papel de activistas, traficantes e investigadores en la lucrativa industria migratoria actual, entendida como el conjunto de redes migratorias transnacionales que facilitan el movimiento de personas (a menudo) en contra de las leyes de los Estados. El análisis se basa en los datos obtenidos durante 18 meses de trabajo de campo etnográfico con migrantes africanos en tránsito por México, traficantes y activistas de organizaciones de la sociedad civil. A partir de tres casos específicos –un activista, un traficante y una investigadora académica– el artículo dilucida cómo las prácticas llevadas a cabo por estos actores son criminalizadas (o no) y de qué manera contribuyen a la perpetuación de la migración irregular. Alejado del enfoque estadocéntrico, este artículo contribuye a la literatura actual al analizar ciertas actividades transgresoras y la posición subjetiva de quienes las ejecutan, ya sea por razones éticas, económicas o políticas.

Keywords

  • industria migratoria
  • traficantes
  • activistas
  • migrantes africanos
  • México

How to Cite

Serra Mingot, E. (2024). Activistas, traficantes e investigadores en la industria migratoria en México. Migraciones Internacionales, 15. https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i36.2929

References

  1. Alvarez, L. (2020). No safe space: Neoliberalism and the production of violence in the lives of Central American migrants. The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, 5(1), 4-36. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2019.23
  2. Álvarez Velasco, S. (2016). ¿Crisis migratoria contemporánea? Complejizando dos corredores migratorios globales. Ecuador Debate, 97, 155-171. https://repositorio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/bitstream/10469/12140/1/REXTN-ED97-11-Alvarez.pdf
  3. Aronowitz, A. A. (2001). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: The phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9, 163-195. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011253129328
  4. Aziani, A. (2023). The heterogeneity of human smugglers: A reflection on the use of concepts in studies on the smuggling of migrants. Trends Organ Crime, 26, 80-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09435-w
  5. Cabot, H. (2019). The business of anthropology and the European refugee regime. American Ethnologist, 46(3), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12791
  6. Calveiro, P. (2021). Desaparición y gubernamentalidad en México. Historia y Grafía, (56), 17-52. https://doi.org/10.48102/hyg.vi56.355
  7. Casillas R., R. (2023). El tráfico de migrantes internacionales en México: diferencias entre pollero, coyote y traficante de migrantes. Región y Sociedad, 35, e1699, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.22198/rys2023/35/1699
  8. Cinta Cruz, J. H. (2020). Movilidades extracontinentales. Personas de origen africano y asiático en tránsito por la frontera sur de México. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas; Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Mexico/cesmeca-unicach/20200915041310/Movilidades-extracontinentales.pdf
  9. Decree of 2024 [Secretaría de Gobernación]. Decreto por el que se reforman y adicionan los artículos 57 y 58 de la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes. May 27, 2024. https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5728693&fecha=27/05/2024#gsc.tab=0
  10. Deshingkar, P. (2021). Human smuggling, gender and labour circulation in the Global South. In M. Gallien, & F. Weigand (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of smuggling (pp. 326-340). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003043645-24
  11. Düvell, F., & Preiss, C. (2021). Migration infrastructures: How do people migrate? In P. Scholten (Ed.), Introduction to migration studies. An interactive guide to the literatures on migration and diversity (pp. 83-99). Springer. https://link.springer.com/bookseries/13502
  12. Eguren, J., & Fernández García, M. (Eds.). (2017). Estudio: migración y desarrollo en Iberoamérica. Secretaría General Iberoaméricana, Organización Internacional para las Migraciones.
  13. Evans, P. (2008). Is an alternative globalization possible? Politics and Society, 36(2), 271-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329208316570
  14. Ferdinand, J., Pearson, G., Rowe, M., & Worthington, F. (2007). A different kind of ethics. Ethnography, 8(4), 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138107083566
  15. Galemba, R., Dingeman, K., DeVries, K., & Servin, Y. (2019). Paradoxes of protection: Compassionate repression at the Mexico–Guatemala border. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 7(3), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/2331502419862239
  16. Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Nyberg Sørensen, N. (Eds.). (2013). The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration. Routledge.
  17. González Zepeda, C., & Serra Mingot, E. (2021). Migraciones africanas y los claroscuros de la protección social en México. (Trans)Fronteriza, 10, 58-66.
  18. Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
  19. Hernández-León, R. (2013). Conceptualizing the migration industry. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen, & N. Nyberg Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration. Routledge.
  20. Hollifield, J. F. (2004). The emerging migration state. International Migration Review, 38(3), 885-912.
  21. Huws, U., Dench, S., & Iphofen, R. (2004). An EU code of ethics for socio-economic research. Institute for Employment Studies. https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/412.pdf
  22. Izcara Palacios, S. P. (2022). Tipología de las redes mexicanas de tráfico de migrantes. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 80(3), e211, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2022.80.3.21.69
  23. Kansara, R., Fatima, S., & Dyer, J. (2023, October 7). Going undercover to reveal people smugglers’ sale tactics. British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66984050
  24. Keshavarz, M., & Khosravi, S. (2022). Introduction: To see like a smuggler. In M. Keshavarz, & S. Khosravi (Eds.), Seeing like a smuggler. Borders from below (pp. 1-18). Pluto Press.
  25. Kuschminder, K., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2020). Smuggling, trafficking, and extortion: New conceptual and policy challenges on the Libyan route to Europe. Antipode, 52(1), 206-226. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/anti.12579
  26. Kyle, D. (2000). Transnational peasants. Migrations, networks and etnicity in Andean Ecuador. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  27. Little, A., & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2017). Stopping boats, saving lives, securing subjects: Humanitarian borders in Europe and Australia. European Journal of International Relations, 23(3), 533-556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066116661227
  28. Miranda, B. (2023). Migración africana en situación de espera: nuevo alcance y dimensión de la contención migratoria en México. Revista de Pueblos y Fronteras Digital, 18, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2023.v18.633
  29. Morley, S. P., & Goss, M. (2021). “There is a target on us.” The impact of anti-black racism on African migrants at Mexico’s Southern border. Black Alliance for Just Immigration. https://baji.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/The-Impact-of-Anti-Black-Racism-on-African-Migrants-at-Mexico.pdf
  30. Navarro-Alvarado, G. A. (2022). Flujos migratorios africanos en Costa Rica (2014-2020). Estudios Sociológicos, 40(120), 825-863. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/es/v40n120/2448-6442-es-40-120-825.pdf
  31. Nyberg Sørensen, N. N., & Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2013). Introduction. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen, & N. Nyberg Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
  32. Oberwittler, D. (2023). Stellungnahme zur Verfassungsbeschwerde wegen Beschlagnahme von Forschungsunterlagen (1 BvR 2219/20). Criminology: The Online Journal, 5(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2023.2.3
  33. Richter, L., & Vigh, H. (2022). Tangier heat: On migrant vulnerability and social thermology. Ethnography, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381211069669
  34. Robinson, C. (2022). Deportability, humanitarianism and development: Neoliberal deportation and the Global Assistance for Irregular Migrants program. Third World Quarterly, 43(4), 879-897.
  35. Ruiz-Soto, A. G. (2020, June). One year after the U.S.-Mexico agreement: Reshaping Mexico’s migration policies (MPI Policy Brief). Migration Policy Institution. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/one-year-us-mexico-agreement
  36. Salt, J., & Stein, J. (1997). Migration as a business: The case of trafficking. International Migration, 35(4), 467-494.
  37. Sanchez, G. (2017). Critical perspectives on clandestine migration facilitation: An overview of migrant smuggling research. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 9-27.
  38. Sanchez, G. (2018). Five misconceptions about migrant smuggling. European University Institute.
  39. Sanchez, G. (2022). Young women’s and girls’ experiences in the facilitation of migrant smuggling. In V. Lopez, & L. Pasko (Eds.), Latinas in the criminal justice system: victims, targets, and offenders (vol. 18, pp. 237-256). NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804634.003.0011
  40. Sanchez, G., & Zhang, S. X. (2020). In their own words: Children and the facilitation of migrant journeys on the U.S.-Mexico border. Victims and Offenders, 15(3), 370-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1721388
  41. Sánchez Nájera, F. (Ed.). (2018). Apatridia en México. internacional como instrumento El uso de la protección de la política migratoria. Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México-Programa de Derechos Humanos; Red de las Americas sobre Nacionalidad y Apatridia. https://ibero.mx/files/2019/3-pdh2018_apatridia.pdf
  42. Schapendonk, J., Van Liempt, I., Schwarz, I., & Steel, G. (2020). Re-routing migration geographies: Migrants, trajectories and mobility regimes. Geoforum, 116, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.007
  43. Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2016). Ethics, methods and moving standards in research on migrant workers and forced labour. In D. Siegel, & R. de Wildt (Eds.), Ethical concerns in research on human trafficking (pp. 117-137). Springer.
  44. Serra Mingot, E. (2023). Out of the frying pan… From messy migration governance to the production of statelessness in Mexico (COMCAD Working Papers No. 179). Universität Bielefeld; Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/90181/ssoar-2023-serra_mingot-Out_of_the_Frying_Pan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2023-serra_mingot-Out_of_the_Frying_Pan.pdf
  45. Serra Mingot, E., & González Zepeda, C. A. (2023a). Conducting team ethnography with African migrants in Mexico: The dynamics of gendered and racialised positionalies in the field. Qualitative Research, 24(3), 591-608.
  46. Serra Mingot, E., & González Zepeda, C. A. (2023b). Transnational social protection infrastructures: African migrants in Mexico. International Migration, 61(3), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13029
  47. Sharapov, K. (2017). “Traffickers and their victims”: Anti-trafficking policy in the United Kingdom. Critical Sociology, 43(1), 91-111.
  48. Sharma, N. (2022). Afterword: Seeing freedom. In M. Keshavarz, & S. Khosravi (Eds.), Seeing like a smuggler. Borders from below (pp. 169-177). Pluto Press.
  49. Skleparis, D. (2015). Towards a hybrid ‘shadow state’? The case of migrant-/refugee- serving NGOs. In J. Clarke, A. Huliaras, & D. Sotiropoulos (Eds.), Austerity and the third sector in Greece: Civil society at the European frontline (pp. 147-165). Ashgate Publishing.
  50. Stock, I. (2023). Migrants’ transnational social positioning strategies in the middle classes. Global Networks, 24(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12444
  51. Téllez, M., Simmons, W. P., & Del Hierro, M. (2018). Border crossings and sexual conquest in the age of neoliberalism in the Sonoran Desert. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(4), 524-541. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1516513
  52. Thomas, C. R. (2023, April 7). The so-called stateless: Firm resettlement, African migrants, and human rights violations in Mexico (NYLS Legal Studies Research Paper no. 4413024). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4413024
  53. Varsanyi, M. W., & Nevins, J. (2007). Introduction: Borderline contradictions: Neoliberalism, unauthorised migration, and intensifying immigration policing. Geopolitics, 12(2), 223-227.
  54. Villafuerte Solís, D., & Anguiano Téllez, M. E. (Eds.). (2020). Movilidad humana en tránsito: retos de la Cuarta Transformación en política migratoria. Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales; Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas-Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica. https://doi.org/10.29043/CESMECA.rep.995
  55. Vogt, W. A. (2013). Crossing Mexico: Structural violence and the commodification of undocumented Central American migrants. American Ethnologist, 40(4), 764-780. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12053
  56. Vogt, W. A. (2018). Lives in transit: Violence and intimacy on the migrant journey. University of California Press.
  57. Winters, N. (2019). Haciendo-lugar en tránsito. Reflexión sobre la migración africana y trabajo de campo en Darién, Panamá. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar Da Mobilidade Humana, 27(56), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005613
  58. Xiang, B., & Lindquist, J. (2014). Migration infrastructure. International Migration Review, 48(1), 122-148.
  59. Yates, C., & Bolter, J. (2021, October). African migration through the Americas: Drivers, routes, and policy responses. Migration Policy Institute.
  60. Yea, S. (2020). Towards critical geographies of anti-human trafficking: Producing and precluding victimhood through discourses, practices and institutions. Progress in Human Geography, 45(3), 513-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132520923136
  61. Zhan, Y. (2020). The moralization of philanthropy in China: NGOs, voluntarism, and the reconfiguration of social responsibility. China Information, 31(1), 68-87.