Estrategias organizativas y prácticas cívicas binacionales de asociaciones de mexicanos en Chicago: Una perspectiva transnacional desde el lugar

Resumen

A pesar del papel fundamental que desempeñan las redes sociales para articular políticas de colaboración entre organizaciones de inmigrantes, se han estudiado poco los factores locales que inciden en la capacidad de estas organizaciones para establecer vínculos estables con otras asociaciones. En este artículo se indaga la relevancia del lugar para entender los procesos de participación cívica binacional de los inmigrantes mexicanos a través de clubes de oriundos, federaciones de inmigrantes y organizaciones comunitarias de base en el área metropolitana de Chicago.Se concluye que la vinculación al lugar es fundamental para entender la capacidad de movilización política de las organizaciones de migrantes en Chicago, aunque matiza que la excesiva concentración de las acciones políticas de estas organizaciones en zonas geográficas territorialmente marcadas limita su potencial de incidencia política en espacios que se encuentran fuera de su territorio de acción habitual.Binational Organizational Strategies and Civic Practices of Mexican Migrant-led Associations in Chicago: A Transnational Place PerspectiveAbstractSocial networks play a fundamental role in creating strategic alliances among migrant organizations. However, little is known about the local conditions that increase the capacity of these organizations to establish strategic alliances with community based organizations. Th is article studies the relevance of “place” to understand processes of binational civic engagement among Mexican immigrants affi liated to hometown associations, home state federations, and other communitybased organizations in metropolitan Chicago.It concludes that “place” is fundamental to understanding political mobilization and social contestation strategies displayed by Mexican immigrant organizations in Chicago. Yet the article also cautions about the possible negative consequences of highly-concentrated political actions of immigrant associations in specifi c geographical areas for long-term visible political activism beyond their territorial comfort zones.

Imagen de portada

Palabras clave

• lugar
• 2. binacionalidad
• 3. mexicanos en Chicago
• 4. clubes de oriundos
• 5. transnacionalismo político.

Cómo citar

Citas

1. AL ARCÓN, Rafael, 2002, “The Development of the Hometown
2. Associations in the United States and the Use of Social Remittances
3. in Mexico”, en Rodolfo de la Garza y Briant Lindsay
4. Lowell, Sending Money Home: Hispanic Remittances and Community
5. Development, Nueva York, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
6. pp. 101-124.
7. ALEJO, Berenice, 2008, The Latino Landscape: A Metro Chicago
8. Guide and Nonprofit Directory, Notre Dame, Estados Unidos,
9. The Chicago Community Trust and Affiliates/Institute for Latino
10. Studies-University of Notre Dame.
11. AMIN, Ash y Nigel THRIFT, 2002, Cities: Reimagining the Urban,
12. Cambridge, Polity Press.
13. AYÓN, David R., 2010, “Taming the Diaspora: Migrants and
14. the State, 1986-2006”, en Andrew Selee y Jacqueline Peschard,
15. Mexico’s Democratic Challenges: Politics, Government, and Society,
16. Washington, D. C./Stanford, Estados Unidos, Woodrow
17. Wilson International Center for Scholars-Stanford University
18. Press, pp. 231-250.
19. BADA, Xóchitl, 2011, “Participatory Planning Across Borders:
20. Mexican Migrant Civic Engagement in Community Development”,
21. The Latinamericanist, vol. 55, núm. 4, pp. 9-33.
22. BADA, Xóchitl et al. [publicación digital], 2010, “Context Matters:
23. Latino Immigrant Civic Engagement in Nine U.S. Cities”,
24. Washington, D. C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for
25. Scholars (Series on Latino Immigrant Civic Engagement), en
26. <http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/context-matters>,
27. consultado el 30 de noviembre de 2011.
28. BADILLO, David A., 2006, Latinos and the New Immigrant
29. Church, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
30. BARTRA, Armando, 2004, “Rebellious Cornfields: Towards
31. Foods and Labour Self-Sufficiency”, en Gerardo Otero, comp.,
32. Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil
33. Society, Nueva York, Zed Books, pp. 18-326.
34. BARVOSA-CARTER, Edwina, 2001, “Multiple Identity and
35. Coalition Building: How Identity Differences within Us Enable
36. Radical Alliances among Us”, en Jill M. Bystydzienski y
37. Steven P. Schacht, comps., Forging Radical Alliances across Difference:
38. Coalition Politics for the New Millennium, Nueva York,
39. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 21-34.
40. BASCH, Linda G., Nina GLICK-SCHILLER y Cristina SZANTON
41. BLANC, 1994, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects,
42. Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States,
43. Lu xem burgo, Gordon and Breach.
44. BLOEMRAAD, Irene, 2006, Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating
45. Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada,
46. Berkeley, University of California Press.
47. CORDERO-GUZMÁN, Héctor R., 2005, “Community Based
48. Organizations and Migration in New York City”, Journal of
49. Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 31, núm.5, pp. 889-909.
50. DAVIS, Mike, 2000, Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the U.S.
51. Big City, Nueva York, Verso.
52. DELGADO WISE, Raúl, 2004, “Labour and Migration Policies
53. under Vicente Fox: Subordination to US Economic and Geopolitical
54. Interests”, en Gerardo Otero, comp., Mexico in Transition:
55. Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society, Nueva
56. York, Zed Books, pp. 138-156.
57. DÍAZ DE COSSÍO, Roger; Graciela OROZCO y Esther GONZÁLEZ,
58. , Los mexicanos en Estados Unidos, México, Sistemas
59. Técnicos de Edición.
60. ELWOOD, Sarah, 2006, “Beyond Cooptation or Resistance:
61. Urban Spatial Politics, Community, Organizations, and gis-
62. Based Narratives”, Annals of Association of American Geographers,
63. vol. 96, núm. 2, pp. 323-341.
64. ESCALA RABADÁN, Luis, 2005, “Derechos humanos y asociaciones
65. de migrantes mexicanos en California”, Migraciones
66. Internacionales 9, vol. 3, núm. 2, enero-junio, pp. 84-107.
67. ESCALA RABADÁN, Luis; Xóchitl BADA y Gaspar RIVERASALGADO,
68. , “Mexican Migrant Civic and Political Participation
69. in the U.S.: The Case of Hometown Associations in
70. Los Angeles and Chicago”, Norteamérica, vol. 1, núm. 2, pp.
71. -172.
72. ESCOBAR, Arturo, 2001, “Culture Sits in Places: Reflections on
73. Globalism and Subaltern Strategies of Localization”, Political
74. Geography, vol. 20, núm. 2, pp. 139-174.
75. FEATHERSTONE, David, 2003, “Spatialities of Transnational
76. Resistance to Globalization: The Maps of Grievance of the
77. Inter-Continental Caravan”, Transactions of the Institute of British
78. Geographers, vol. 28, núm. 4, pp. 404-421.
79. FOX, Jonathan y Gaspar RIVERA-SALGADO, 2004, comps.,
80. Building Civil Society among Indigenous Migrants, La Jolla, Estados
81. Unidos, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies y Center for
82. Comparative Immigration Studies-University of California at
83. San Diego.
84. HERNÁNDEZ-LEÓN, Rubén, 2008, Metropolitan Migrants:
85. The Migration of Urban Mexicans to the United States, Berkeley,
86. University of California Press.
87. HIRABAYASHI, Lane R., 1986, “The Migrant Village Association
88. in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis”, Latin American
89. Research Review, vol. 21, núm. 3, pp. 7-29.
90. INSTITUTO DE LOS MEXICANOS EN EL EXTERIOR
91. (IME), 2008, “Directorio de organizaciones y clubes de o riundos”,
92. en Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México, en
93. ime.gob.mx/DirectorioOrganizaciones/>, consultado el 30 de
94. noviembre de 2011.
95. KEARNEY, Michael, 1995, “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology
96. of Globalization and Transnationalism”, Annual
97. Review of Anthropology, vol. 24, octubre, pp. 547-565.
98. LANDOLT, Patricia, 2008, “The Transnational Geographies of
99. Immigrant Politics: Insights from a Comparative Study of Migrant
100. Grassroots Organizing”, Sociological Quarterly, vol. 49,
101. núm. 1, pp. 53-77.
102. LAN DOLT, Patricia y Luin GOLDRING, 2009, “Immigrant
103. Political Socialization as Bridging and Boundary Work: Mapping
104. the Multi-Layered Incorporation of Latin American Immigrants
105. in Toronto”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 32, núm.
106. , pp. 1226-1247.
107. LANLY, Guillaume y Basilia VALENZUELA, 2004, comps.,
108. Clubes de migrantes oriundos mexicanos en los Estados Unidos: La
109. política transnacional de la nueva sociedad civil migrante, Guadalajara,
110. México, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico
111. Administrativas-Universidad de Guadalajara.
112. LEROUX, Kelly y Holly T. GOERDEL, 2009, “Political Advocacy
113. by Nonprofit Organizations: A Strategic Management
114. Explanation”, Public Performance & Management Review, vol.
115. , núm. 4, pp. 514-536.
116. LOGAN, John R. y Harvey L. MOLOTCH, 1987, Urban Fortunes:
117. The Political Economy of Place, Berkeley, University of
118. California Press.
119. LÓPEZ ÁNGEL, Gustavo, 2004, “Membresía e identidad en
120. pro cesos migratorios translocales: La experiencia de la asociación
121. Micaltepecana”, en Guillaume Lanly y Basilia Valenzuela,
122. comps., Clubes de migrantes oriundos mexicanos en los Estados
123. Unidos: La política transnacional de la nueva sociedad civil migrante,
124. Guadalajara, México, Centro Universitario de Cien cias
125. Económico Administrativas-Universidad de Guadalajara, pp.
126. -314.
127. MARTIN, Deborah G., 2003, “‘Place-Framing’ as Place-Making:
128. Constituting a Neighborhood for Organizing and Activism”,
129. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 93, núm.
130. , pp. 730-750.
131. MASSEY, Doreen, 2005, For Space, Londres, Sage.
132. MENDOZA, Cristóbal, 2006, “Transnational Spaces through
133. Local Places: Mexican Immigrants in Albuquerque (New Mexico)”,
134. Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 62, núm. 4, pp.
135. -562.
136. MINES, Richard y Douglas S. MASSEY, 1985, “Patterns of Migration
137. to the United States from Two Mexican Communities”,
138. Latin American Research Review, vol. 20, núm. 2, pp. 104-123.
139. MOYA, José C., 2005, “Immigrants and Associations: A Global
140. and Historical Perspective”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration
141. Studies, vol. 31, núm. 5, pp. 833-864.
142. NICHOLLS, Walter J., 2003, “Forging a ‘New’ Organizational
143. Infrastructure for Los Angeles’s Progressive Community”, International
144. Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 27, núm.
145. , pp. 881-896.
146. NICHOLLS, Walter J., 2009, “Place, Networks, Space: Theorizing
147. the Geographies of Social Movements”, Transactions of the
148. Institute of British Geographers, vol. 34, núm. 1, pp. 78-93.
149. PALLARES, Amalia, 2010, “The Chicago Context”, en Amalia
150. Pallares y Nilda Flores-González, comps., ¡Marcha!: Latino
151. Chicago and the Immigrant Rights Movement, Urbana, Estados
152. Unidos, University of Illinois Press, pp. 37-64.
153. PARAL, Rob, 2006, “Latinos of the New Chicago”, en John P.
154. Koval et al., comps., The New Chicago. A Social and Cultural
155. Analysis, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, pp. 105-114.
156. PIERCE, Joseph; Deborah G. MARTIN y James T. MURPHY,
157. , “Relational Place-Making: The Networked Politics of
158. Place”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol.
159. , núm. 1, pp. 54-70.
160. PORTES, Alejandro; Cristina ESCOBAR y Alexandra W. RADFORD,
161. , “Organizaciones transnacionales de inmigrantes
162. y desarrollo: Un estudio comparativo”, Migración y Desarrollo,
163. núm. 6, primer semestre, pp. 3-44.
164. RAMÍREZ, Leonard G.; José PERALES-RAMOS y José Antonio
165. ARELLANO, 2010, “‘Marchando al futuro’: Latino Immigrant
166. Rights Leadership in Chicago”, en Amalia Pallares y
167. Nilda Flores-González, comps., ¡Marcha!: Latino Chicago and
168. the Immigrant Rights Movement, Urbana, Estados Unidos, University
169. of Illinois Press, pp. 123-145.
170. ROUSE, Rog er, 1991, “Mexican Migration and the Social Space
171. of Postmodernism”, A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 1,
172. núm. 1, primavera, pp. 8-23.
173. SANTOS, Milton, 1996, A natureza do espaço: Razão e emoção,
174. São Paulo, Hucitec.
175. SITES, William y Rebecca VONDERLACK-NAVARRO, 2012,
176. “Tipping the Scale: State-Rescaling and the Strange Odyssey
177. of Mexican Hometown Associations”, en Michael Peter Smith
178. y Michael McQuarrie, comps., Remaking Urban Citizenship,
179. Organizations, Institutions, and the Right to the City, New
180. Brunswick, Estados Unidos, Transaction Publishers, pp. 151-
181. (Comparative Urban and Community Research, vol. 10).
182. SMITH, Michael Peter y Luis Eduardo GUARNIZO, 1998,
183. edits., Transnationalism from Below, New Brunswick, Es tados
184. Unidos, Transaction Publishers (Comparative Urban and Community
185. Research, vol. 6).
186. SMITH, Michael Peter y Matt BAKKER, 2008, Citizenship across
187. Borders: The Political Transnationalism of El Migrante, Ithaca,
188. Estados Unidos, Cornell University Press.
189. SMITH, Robert C., 2006, Mexican New York: Transnational Lives
190. of New Immigrants, Berkeley, University of California Press.
191. STEPHEN, Lynn, 2007, Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans
192. in Mexico, California, and Oregon, Durham, Estados Unidos,
193. Duke University Press.
194. TORRES, María de los Ángeles, 2004, “In Search of Meaningful
195. Voice and Place: The ipo and Latino Community Empowerment
196. in Chicago”, en Gilberto Cárdenas, comp., La causa: Civil Rights, Social Justice, and the Struggle for Equality in the
197. Midwest, Houston, Arte Público, pp. 81-106.
198. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, 2011, American Community Survey
199. , en , consultado el 30
200. de no viembre de 2011.
201. VÉLEZ-IBÁÑEZ, Carlos G., 2010, An Imposs ible Living in a
202. Transborder World: Culture, Confianza, and Economy of Mexican-
203. Origin Populations, Tucson, Estados Unidos, The University
204. of Arizona Press.
205. WASHINGTON, Harold, 1985, Orden ejecutiva 85-1, Cabildo
206. Municipal, Chicago, 7 de marzo.
207. ZABIN, Carol y Luis ESCALA RABADÁN, 2002, “From Civic
208. Association to Political Participation: Mexican Hometown Associations
209. and Mexican Immigrant Political Empowerment in
210. Los Angeles”, Frontera Norte, vol. 14, núm. 27, pp. 7-42.