Proxy Organizations of Local Migration Governance: The Cases of Sultanbeyli and Sisli, Turkey

Resumen

The new structure of international migration in the 21st century forces local governments to cope with a range of challenges. Legal restrictions, budget constraints, and social and structural determinants all play a role in cities’ response to international migration. Municipalities use an array of strategies to develop responses to immigration and cope with restrictions. While cooperation and collaboration with non-governmental organizations are the strategies of choice for municipalities, in this study, these strategies are analyzed within the context of venue shopping. The role of the Migrant Solidarity Association (Göçmendd), supported by Sisli Municipality, and the Refugee and Asylum Seekers Assistance and Solidarity Association (Mülteciler), established by Sultanbeyli Municipality, are analyzed. Both organizations are representatives in the Istanbul migration governance arrangements.  

Palabras clave

• Non-governmental organization
• venue-shopping
• proxy organizations
• Turkey
• Istanbul

Cómo citar

Derechos de autor 2023 Migraciones Internacionales

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Citas

1. Altunkaynak-Vodina, S. (2019). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Mülteciler Ba?lam?nda Tespit ve Öneriler: Sivil Topluma ?li?kin. GAR Göç Ara?t?rmac?lar? Derne?i. https://www.gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/tr/yayinlar/tespitler-ve-oneriler/132-turkiye-deki-suriyeli-multeciler-baglaminda-tespit-ve-oneriler-sivil-topluma-iliskin?fbclid=IwAR0Cw4r920NjvJn72GwRANvHFmEfKKbQ0DhjyQcfl0IdftbI2AIaTqx-WLg
2. Ambrosini, M., & Van der Leun, J. (2015). Implementing human rights: Civil society and migration policies. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13 (2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2015.1017632
3. Ate?, K. (2020). Göç Yönetiminde Yerel Yönetimlerin Rolü. I?d?r Üniversitesi ?ktisadi ve ?dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (5), 23-40.
4. Balc?o?lu, Z. (2020). Göç Yöneti?iminde Yerel Bürokrasi: ?stanbul Örneklemi. TESEV.
5. Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (2010). Agendas and instability in American politics. University of Chicago Press.
6. Bosswick, W., Lüken-Klaßen, D., Heckmann, F., & Kohlbacher, J. (2007). Housing and integration of migrants in Europe. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
7. Brenner, N. (2009). Urban governance and the production of new state spaces in Western Europe, 1960-2000. The disoriented state: Shifts in governmentality, territoriality and governance, 41-77.
8. Bulmer, S. (2011). Shop till you drop! The German executive as venue shopper in justice and home affairs. In P. Bendel, A. Ette, R. Parkes, & M. Haase (Eds.), The europeanization of control: Venues and outcomes of EU justice and home affairs cooperation (pp. 41-77). Lit Verlag.
9. Çamur, A. (2017). Suriyeli mülteciler ve belediyelerin sorumlulu?u ?zmir örne?i. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (2), 113-129.
10. Chaqués-Bonafont, L. (2016). Interest groups and agenda setting. In N. Zahariadis, & M. Buckman Chair (Eds.), Handbook of Public Policy Agenda Setting. Edward Elgar.
11. Çitci, O. (1996). Temsil, Kat?lma ve Yerel Demokrasi. Ça?da? Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 5(6), 5-14.
12. Civicus. State of Civil Society Report. (2016). Civicus. http://www.civicus.org/images/documents/SOCS2016/summaries/State-of-Civil-Society-Report-2016_Exec-Summary.pdf
13. Dan??, D., & Nazl?, D. (2018). A faithful alliance between the civil society and the state: Actors and mechanisms of accommodating Syrian refugees in Istanbul. Internatonal Migration, 57 (2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12495
14. Dan??, D., & ?enol, D. (2019). Göçü yerelden yönetmek: Belediyeler. Saha Dergisi, 6, 56-63.
15. De Graauw, E. (2015). Rolling out the welcome mat: State and City immigrant affairs offices in the United States. IdeAs, Idées d’Amériques, (6). https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.1293
16. Delvino, N. (2017). European cities and migrants with irregular status: Municipal initiatives on the inclusion of irregular migrants in the provision of services. University of Oxford. http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/2017/european-cities-and-migrants-with-irregular-status/
17. Eliçin, Y. (2018). Refugee crisis and local responses: An assessment of local capacities to deal with migration influxes in Istanbul. Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava : ?asopis za teoriju i praksu javne uprave, 18 (1), 73-99.
18. Erdo?an, M. M. (2017). Urban refugees from “detachment” to “harmonization” Syrian refugees and process management of municipalities: The case of Istanbul. Marmara Municipalities Union. https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/mmu-urban-refugees-report-2017_en.pdf
19. Ette, A., Parkes, R., & Bendel, P. (2011). The diversity of European justice and home affairs cooperation: A model-testing exercise on its development and outcomes. In M. Haase, The europeanization of control: Venues and outcomes of EU justice and home affairs cooperation (pp. 9-38). Lit Verlag.
20. Faist, T., & Ette, A. (2007). The Europeanization of national policies and politics of immigration: Research. Questions and concepts. In T. Faist, & A. Ette, The Europeanization of National Policies and Politics of Immigration Between Autonomy and the European Union (pp. 3-32). Palgrave Macmillan.
21. Glick-Schiller, N., & Ça?lar, A. (2009). Towards a comparative theory of locality in migration studies: Migrant incorporation and city scale. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (2), 177-202.
22. Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). (2018). UN Global Compact on Refugee, December 2018. https://globalcompactrefugees.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/Global compact on refugees EN.pdf
23. Guiraudon, V. (2000). European integration and migration policy: Vertical policy-making as venue shopping. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (2), 251-271.
24. I??k, O., & P?narc?o?lu, M. (2012). Nöbetle?e yoksulluk: Gecekondula?ma ve Kent yoksullar?. ?leti?im Yay?nlar?.
25. Jørgensen, M. B. (2012). The diverging logics of integration policy making at national and city level. International Migration Review, 46 (1), 244-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2012.00886.x
26. Kaunert, K., & Léonard, S. (2012). The development of the EU asylum policy: Venue shopping in perspective. Journal of European Public Policy, 19 (9), 1396-1413. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.677191
27. Kaya, A. (2020). Türkiye’de Suriyeli göçü ve belediye deneyimleri: kitlesel göçler, yerel yan?tlar. Yerel Yöneti?im ve Göç Dizisi-10. SKL International AB.
28. Kettl, D. F. (1988). Government by proxy and the public service. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 54 (4), 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1177/002085238805400401
29. Law 5393 of 2005. To lay down the establishment, organs, administration, duties, powers, responsibilities and working procedures and principles of municipalities. July 03, 2005. Official Gazette no. 25874. http://projects.sklinternational.se/tuselog/files/2013/07/Law5393_EN.pdf
30. Lowndes, V., & Karakaya-Polat, R. (2020). How do local actors interpret, enact and contest policy? An analysis of local government responses to meeting the needs of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Local Government Studies, 48 (3), 546-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1825386
31. Migrant Solidarity Association (GDD). (n.d.). Who are we? Author. https://gocmendd.org/en/hakkimizda.html
32. Murphy, H., & Kellow, A. (2013). Forum shopping in global governance: Understanding states, business. And NGOs in multiple arenas. Global Policy, 4 (2), 139-149. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2012.00195.x
33. Najam, A. (2000). The four C’s of government third sector-government relations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 10 (4), 375-396.
34. Natter, K. (2018). Rethinking immigration policy theory beyond ‘Western liberal democracies.’ Comparative Migration Studies, 6 (4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0071-9
35. Nyseth, T., & Ringholm, T. (2008). Municipal response to local diversity: Flexibility in community governance. Local Government Studies, 34 (4), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930802217405
36. Olvera, A. J. (2003). Sociedad civil, esfera pública y democratización en América Latina: México. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
37. Pralle, S. B. (2003). Venue shopping, political strategy, and policy change: The internationalization of Canadian forest advocacy. Journal of Public Policy, 23 (3), 233-260.
38. Pralle, S. B. (2006). Branching out, digging in: Environmental advocacy and agenda setting. Georgetown University Press.
39. Presidency of Migration Management. (2021, December 24). Announcement. Republic of Türkiye-Ministry of Interior. https://en.goc.gov.tr/announcement2
40. Prouzová, Z. (2013). The role of municipalities in relation to non-governmental organizations: Implementation of public policies towards NGOs at the local level. Mezinárodní Kolokvium o Regionálních V?dách, 19-21 (6), 557-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-6257-2013-70
41. Refugees Association (n.d.). About Us. Author. https://multeciler.org.tr/eng/about-us/
42. Richmond, T., & Shields, J. (2005). NGO-government relations and immigrant services: Contradictions and challenges. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 6, 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-005-1024-3
43. Righard, E., & Öberg, K. (2020). Integration governance in Sweden: Accommodation, regeneration. and exclusion. Malmö University.
44. Salamon, L. M. (2001). The new governance and the tools of public action: An introduction. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28 (5), 1611.
45. Sapotichne, J., & Smith, J. M. (2012). Venue shopping and the politics of urban development: Lessons from Chicago and Seattle. Urban Affairs Review, 48 (1), 86-110. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1078087411420373
46. ?ar, E., & Kuru, N. O. (2020). ?stanbul’da Suri?yeli? s???nmac?lara yöneli?k tutumlar. ?stanbul Politik Ara?t?rmalar Enstitüsü).
47. Scholten, P. W. (2013). Agenda dynamics and the multilevel governance of migrant integration: The case of Dutch migrant integration policies. Policy Sciences, 46 (3), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9170-x
48. Scholten, P., & Penninx, R. (2016). The multilevel governance of migration and integration. In B. Garcés-Mascareñas, & R. Penninx, Integration processes and policies in Europe: Contexts. levels and actors (pp. 91-108). Springer Nature.
49. Spencer, S. (2017). Multi-level governance of an intractable policy problem: Migrants with irregular status in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44 (12), 2034-2052. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1341708
50. Spencer, S., & Delvino, N. (2019). Municipal activism on irregular migrants: The framing of inclusive approaches at the local level. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17 (1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2018.1519867
51. Sunata, U., & Tosun, S. (2018). Assessing the civil society’s role in refugee integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a new typology. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32 (4), 683-703. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey047
52. Topal Demiro?lu, E. (2020). Kentsel Çe?itlilik Yöneti?imde Yerel Yönetimlerin Rolü [Unpublished doctoral thesis, Marmara University].
53. Van Breugel, I., & Scholten, P. (2020). Governance by Proxy: A comparative policy analysis of the mainstreaming of immigrant integration governance. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 22 (3), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2019.1619973
54. Witkowski, J., Pries, L., & Mratschkowski, A. (2019). Networks of refugee and asylum related organizations in the Mediterranean area of the European Union. In M. Feischmidt, L. Pries, & C. Cantat, Refugee protection and civil society in Europe (pp. 25-57). Palgrave Macmillan.
55. Woods, A. E., & Kayal?, N. (2017). Engaging Syrian communities: The role of local government in Istanbul. Istanbul Policy Center.
56. Zapata-Barrero, R., Caponio, T., & Scholten, P. (2017). Theorizing the “local turn” in a multi-level governance framework of analysis: A case study in immigrant policies. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83 (2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316688426